Not all Environments are Created Friendly

Igor Rudan
16 min readAug 18, 2022

We learned that we grow and develop according to a precise plan that was set in advance in our first cell. At the same time, our growth and development do not depend on that plan alone. The environment within which our growth occurs is also quite important. Here is how, and why.

It is unlikely that human populations ever lacked oxygen in their entire history. This is because, even after the long evolution of our species, when we are deprived of oxygen we can only survive for a few minutes. If our ancestors had been exposed to conditions where oxygen was…

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Igor Rudan

Director, Centre for Global Health at the University of Edinburgh, UK; President, International Society of Global Health; Editor, Journal of Global Health;